Environment Protection in Oil and Gas Complex

An analysis of ecological risk sources and factors at various stages of activities in the frames of the offshore oil and gas industry (including exploration, production and transportation of hydrocarbons in the sea) is presented. It is shown that each of these stages is accompanied by a number of impacts on the environment and corresponding physical, chemical and biological disturbances in marine ecosystems. The level of impacts, their space and temporary scale as well as negative ecological effects are very variable depending on many current situations and conditions. Environmental effects of drilling operations, platforms and pipelines construction and other hydro-technical works in the sea are usually observed in the form of local and reversed disturbances in the water columns and bottom deposits. Their estimation is a difficult task due to the natural background of highly dynamic ecosystem processes.

The most significant sources and factors of ecological risk in the sphere of offshore oil and gas industry activity include oil spills in the coastal zone, operations with ballast water of tankers and invasion of alien species, discharge of formation water from platforms and seismic exploration. Such kind of effects can be revealed not only in population disturbances of local biota but also initiate ecological catastrophes of regional level.

Key words: offshore oil and gas industry; ecological risk; marine ecosystems; factors of impact; seismic exploration; drilling operations; formation water; hydro-technical works; hydrocarbons transportation; oil tankers; marine pipelines; ballast water; oil spills; invasion of alien species; environmental disturbances.

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UDC 551.35:628.193:665.61:579.8(262.5+262.54)

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

OF THE KERCH STRAIT SEA BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AFTER THE ACCIDENT

OF «VOLGONEFT-139» SHIP (p. 12)

Elena Andreevna Tikhonova, Candidate of biological sciences

e-mail: tihonoval@mail.ru

Natalia Vitalievna Burdiyan, Candidate of biological sciences

e-mail: burdiyan@mail.ru

Olga Viktorovna Soloveva, Candidate of biological sciences

e-mail: kozl_ya_oly@mail.ru

Julia Valerievna Doroshenko, Candidate of biological sciences

e-mail: julia_doroshenko@mail.ru

A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of the Southern Seas Biology

2, Nakhimov prosp., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation,

tеl.: +7 (8692) 543745, fax: +7 (8692) 557813

The article presents data on the concentration of chloroformextractable substances (CES), oil hydrocarbons (OH) and the number of anaerobic bacteria in the sea bottom sediments of the Kerch strait after the vessels accident in November 2007 for the period of 2007–2009. CES concentration in the bottom sediments of the Kerch strait belongs to I–II level of pollution, which is typical for relatively clean water areas.

The researches proved the fact that spotting of OH contamination distribution in the sea bottom sediments and the tendency to its reduction was marked in the water area in 2007.

The ubiquitous presence of microorganisms involved in anaerobic OH degradation is demonstrated. The quantitative content of bacteria in the sea bottom sediments of the Kerch strait during 2007–2009 is characterized as follows: the number of the studied bacteria groups varied widely, and there was a reduction in their numbers as compared with 2007 and 2008.

Key words: oil spills; the Kerch strait; sea bottom sediments; chloroformextractable substances; oil hydrocarbons; anaerobic bacteria.

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UDC 66.074.5

THE PACKED BIOFILTERS FOR GAS EMISSIONS PURIFICATION

FROM OIL REFINING VENTURES (p. 17)

Alexander Konstantinovich Mitin, post-graduante student of Institute of Engineering Ecology and Chemical Mechanical Engineering,

Natalia Evgenievna Nikolaikina, Candidate of technical sciences, professor of Institute of Engineering Ecology and Chemical Mechanical Engineering

University of Mechanical Engineering

38, Bolshaya Semenovskaya str., Moscow, 107023, Russian Federation,

tel.: 8 (926) 109-28-78,

e-mail: mitin.rus@gmail.com

Natalia Alexeevna Zagustina, Candidate of biological sciences

A.N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

33, bld. 2, Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation,

tel.: 8 (495) 954-5283

The article presents some new packing design and biological filter arrangement. The mechanism of biological filtration process, which served the basis for the basic requirements formulation to biological filters packing, is described and design specific features of a biological filter are justified.

Comparison of packing geometric characteristics is performed. Hydrodynamics of the new packing is discussed. Investigation results of the packing hydraulic resistance, including the packing, overgrown by a biological film, that is maximally coincides with the operational characteristics of the packing, are given in the article.

Some specific features of gas flow mode in a packed bed when Reynolds numbers are less than 40 that corresponds to viscous flow mode, characteristic for gas biological purification, are discussed. This data values observed for viscous flow regime, which is typical for biological filtration process. Ergun equation with account of flow viscous mode serves the basis for suggesting methods of head loss calculation in a packed bed as well as reduction of the portion of a packing free volume in connection with biomass formation due to head loss change.

Key words: biological gas purification; biological filter; packing; Ergun equation; head loss; flow viscous regime.

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UDC 543.544-026.616:628.342

THE RESULTS OF FLUORESCENCE METHOD APPLICATION

TO DETERMINE WATER TOXICITY, PURIFIED FROM OIL POLLUTION

BY «UNIPOLIMER-M» POLYMER SORBENT (p. 22)

Lyubov Alexandrovna Lapushova, post-graduate student of Oil and Gas Institute,

Maria Vladimirovna Sentyurova, post-graduate student of Oil and Gas Institute,

Natalia Alexandrovna Demyanova, post-graduate student of Oil and Gas Institute

«Siberian Federal University»

82, bld. 6, Svobodny prosp., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation,

e-mail: Lyubov_Lapushova@mail.ru

Alexey Nikolaevich Vishnyakov, post-graduate student of Institute of Economics, Management and Nature

«Siberian Federal University»

82, bld. 6, Svobodny prosp., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation,

e-mail: lex123@kraslan.ru

Sorption methods are the most suitable while water purification, easily subject to automation and don’t require high operating costs. Test samples of 0,005 optical density were developed for conducting biological testing and nutrient solution of 10 % concentration of Tamiya nutrient was used. Evaluation of the toxic effects of «Unipolimer-M» polymer sorbent and its by-products on the test object was made through comparison of the algae growth value in the control and test samples. Two-percent Tamiya nutrient prepared in distilled water was used as control samples. The fluorescent method of water toxicity determination lies in the fact that the delayed fluorescence is measured at two intensities of light excitation. The investigations were carried out in two modes such as «high-light mode» and «low-light mode». The researches’ results revealed the ten times reduction of fluorescence ratio in case of adverse effect on vegetation test-organism.

Key words: oil pollution; natural ponds; sorbent; formaldehyde; phytoplankton; concentration; biological testing; fluorescence; toxic effect; Tamiya nutrient.

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UDC 504.53.054

DISTURBED SOIL RECLAMATION UNDER OIL AND GAS FIELDS (p. 27)

Irina Nikolaevna Kustysheva, post-graduate student,

Leonid Nikolaevich Skipin, Doctor of agricultural sciences, professor

Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

2, Lunacharskogo str., Tyumen, 625002, Russian Federation,

tel./fax: (3452) 286-694,

e-mail: kustishev@tngg.info

Yury Vladimirovich Vaganov, Candidate of technical sciences

Tyumen State Oil and Gas University

38, 50 Let Oktyabrya str., Tyumen, 625038, Russian Federation,

e-mail: wagan_yr@mail.ru

Sergey Leonidovich Suslov

LLC «Scientific Research Innovation Centre of Oil and Gas Technologies»

5, Ordzhonikidze str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation,

tel./fax: (3452) 286-694.,

e-mail: serg_suslov@mail.ru

Reclamation of the soils polluted by cuttings from well drilling and exploration is an integral part of the technology, applied for oil and gas wells development. At the same time a lot of lands from which the oil pollutants were removed stay non-reclaimed and this can be explained by the absence of the systematical approach to the disturbed soils reclamation. The analysis of the existing methods of disturbed soils reclamation witnessed the fact that today there are no efficient technologies to reclaim the lands contaminated during the oil and gas fields development; in addition, the surface of such polluted soils is growing at the rate of several thousand hectares per year that affects the value of the ecosystem in the economical (resource) sense and leads to the decrease of ecological (environment-forming, environment oriented) functions.

Key words: reclamation; field; disturbed soils; drill cuttings; slurry pond; drilling mud; oil.

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UDC 579.873.6.017.7

Biochemical Oxidation of Gasoils

in a Model Soil System (p. 31)

Dmitry Alexandrovich Filatov¹, Candidate of biological sciences,

Evgeny Borisovich Krivtsov¹, Candidate of chemical sciences,

Elena Alexandrovna Elchaninova^1,2, Candidate of chemical sciences,

Lyubov Konstantinovna Altunina¹, Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor

¹ Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

4, Akademichesky prosp., 634021, Tomsk, Russian Federation,

tel.: +7(3822) 49-26-61,

fax: +7(3822) 49-14-57,

e-mail: filatov@ipc.tsc.ru

²Institute of Natural Resources, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University

30, Lenin prosp., 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation,

e-mail: helene_tom@rambler.ru

The results of biochemical oxidation of the vacuum gasoil from Novokuibyshevsk refinery in a model soil system with a high content of hetero-elements are presented in the article. It is shown that on the 25–27^th day after contamination the number of microorganisms is reduced to its initial level and then increases by 2,5 orders of magnitude on the 40–60^th day of the experiment. The enzymatic activity of the contaminated soil increases by 2…4 times, which indicates an increased oxygenase activity of microorganisms resulting in an intensive assimilation of different hydrocarbon compounds. It is found out that biodegradation of vacuum gasoil components results in the formation and accumulation of products of incomplete oxidation of hydrocarbons. The biodegradation of the oil product under study is shown to be 70,3 % of the initial contamination after 180 days of the experiment. Application of the chromatography-mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) witnessed the fact that the aboriginal soil micro-flora is capable of mineralizing of virtually all hydrocarbons contained in the gasoil. The total destruction of saturated alkanes and naphthenic hydrocarbons was found to be 93,6 and 95,3 %, respectively. The oxidation of mono- and bi-aromatic hydrocarbons made 100 %, while tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were oxidyzed from 90 to 100 %. It is shown that poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also subject to the microbiological degradation. The concentration of un-alkylated PAHs (benzanthracene and benzpyrene + perylene) is decreased insignificantly, their destruction is only 5…6 %, while the utilization of their methyl-substituted homologues was found to be 25…50 %.

Key words: oil pollution; gasoil; biodegradation; aboriginal soil micro-flora; hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms; enzyme activity; saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons.

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UDC 504.03

CONTAMINATION AND STATE ESTIMATION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS

WHILE EXPLORING AND DEVELOPING OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS (p. 36)

Lyubov Frankovna Ushivtseva, Candidate of geological-mineralogical sciences

e-mail: ushivceval@mail.ru

Valentina Sergeevna Mercheva, Candidate of technical sciences

e-mail: mercheva@mail.ru

Oksana Andreevna Serebryakova, post-graduate student

e-mail: Geologi2007@yandex.ru

Oksana Anatolievna Sharova, post-graduate student

e-mail: oksana_ushivceva@mail.ru

«Astrakhan State University»

1, office 105, Shaumyan sq., Astrakhan, 414056, Russian Federation,

tel.: (8512) 52-49-99*131

The article presents an analysis of the underground hydrosphere state of supra-salt aquifers located in the south-western part of the Pre-Caspian depression. Activation of geological exploration, discovery and development of new hydrocarbon deposits in the Pre-Caspian region is accompanied by unintended negative anthropogenic influence on the environment.

One of the most vulnerable objects of environment while developing hydrocarbon deposits is the hydro-geological system of the region, the specific feature of which is the fact that subsoil and superficial waters within the limits of the territory represent practically the single hydro-geological system, where there occurs activation of geochemical processes, contamination of aquiferous horizons, change of thermo-baric conditions due to techno-genic effect.

Burial of waste waters in deep horizons, occasionally produced and industrial discharged by enterprises of oil and gas industry brings its portion of negative effect. This fact is proved by the change of underground waters quality, their contamination, change of hydro-chemical situation and thermo-baric parameters of subsoil assets.

In this connection, estimation of underground hydrosphere contamination and state in the oil and gas producing areas, experiencing considerable techno-genic influence, is very relevant and should be plugged in the complex of researches of hydro-chemical monitoring for the whole period of a field development contamination, change of hydro-chemical situation and thermo-baric parameters of subsoil assets.

Key words: underground waters; contaminating substances; gas saturation; salinity; trace elements; waste waters burial places; flows of industrial waste waters; contamination.

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UDC 622.692.4.076:620.197.5

POSSIBILITY OF USE OF SECOND-HAND ALUMINIUM PROTECTORS

TO PREVENT PIPELINES FROM EXTERIOR CORROSION (p. 40)

Al’bert Atlasovich Fatkhullin, Candidate of technical sciences

«TatNIPIneft Institute» of JSC «Tatneft» named after V. Shashin

32, Djalil str., 423236, Bugulma, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation,

tel.: 8 (85594) 786-61,

fax: 8 (85594) 784-09,

e-mail: ttzk@tatnipi.ru

Il’dus Azbarovich Khafizov

«Djalilneft» Oil and Gas Production Department, JSC «Tatneft»

2, Lenin str., 423368, Djalil, Sarmanov region, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation,

tel./fax: 8 (85594) 324-20,

e-mail: Ildus010472@gmail.com

Electro-chemical protection methods are used to protect oil field equipment against corrosion. Electro-chemical protection (sacrificial or cathodic) is based on applying the direct current of negative polarity to facilities subject to protection.

Sacrificial protection of pipelines involves usage of galvanic anodes (protectors) made of magnesium or aluminium alloys having more negative electrode potential than the steel ones.

Magnesium-based protectors are usually employed to protect the exterior surface of pipelines and storage tank bottoms against underground corrosion, and aluminium-based protectors are generally used for corrosion protection of storage tank interior surface.

This paper presents schemes of sacrificial protection for relatively low-length pipelines, that help solving the problems relating to protective current leakage through electrical insulating joints used for electrical separation of protected and unprotected parts of pipeline transporting electro-conducting fluid.

The results of field researches of previously used aluminium-based protectors of PAKR-18 type are also submitted in this paper.

Key words: electro-chemical protection; electro-insulating joints; pipeline; galvanic protector.

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JSC "ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ORGANIZATION, MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS OF OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY"

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