ISSN 2413-5011 Scientific-technical journal AND DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS published since 1992 September 2020 ¹ 9(345) 12 issues per year
CONTENÒS |
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OIL AND GAS PROSPECTING |
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GEOLOGICAL MODELING |
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GEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH WORK |
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DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS |
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Shlyapkin A.S., Tatosov A.V. Formation of a hydraulic fracture by a high-viscous gel (p. 109‑112) |
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Information on the articles |
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UDC 553.98.04 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-4-19
EVOLUTION OF SEDIMENTS AND FLUID-CONDUCTING
SYSTEM
Vladimir Filippovich Grishkevich, Dr. of geol.-mineral. sci., Victor Egorovich Kasatkin, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci., Svetlana Vladimirovna Lagutina, Svetlana Sergeevna Dolmatova, Elena Vladimirovna Panina, Gennady Anatolyevich Smolyakov, Anastasia Vladimirovna Sivkova, G.Kh. Shaikhutdinova, Anastasia Germanovna Laptey
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143à, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: GrishkevichVF@tmn.lukoil.com, KasatkinVE@tmn.lukoil.com, LagutinaSV@tmn.lukoil.com, DolmatovaSS@tmn.lukoil.com, PaninaEV@tmn.lukoil.com, SmolyakovGA@tmn.lukoil.com, SivkovaAV@tmn.lukoil.com, ShayhutdinovaGH@tmn.lukoil.com
The paper provides an analysis of methodological recommendations for calculating oil reserves in the Bazhenov and Domanik deposits. To test the recommendations, resources was carried out of the Imilorsky license area in the Western Siberia were assessed. As part of this work, an attempt was made to systematize ideas about the genesis of fractured reservoirs of the Bazhenov formation and analyze the possible mechanism of a fractured reservoir formation for the Imilorskoye field.
Keywords: Bazhenov formation; collector; oil potential; resources; Imilorskoye field.
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UDC 553.98(571.1) DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-20-30
POSSIBILITIES OF FORECASTING OIL AND GAS
POTENTIALS IN THE PRE-JURASSIC
Elena Alekseevna Shvetsova, Elena Viktorovna Mukhlygina
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 41, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: ShvetcovaEA@tmn.lukoil.com, MuhlyginaEV@tmn.lukoil.com
Based on the results of a comprehensive interpretation of seismic and drilling data, the classification of deposits of the Pre-Jurassic complex (PJC) and the weathering crust was refined in order to identify promising zones and hydrocarbon traps in the sites of the Shaim oil and gas region. The Pre-Jurassic complex in this area should be studied in two directions. The first one is aimed at studying a Pre-Jurassic object associated with reservoirs of argillaceous-siliceous shale, the other one is aimed at studying this object associated with reservoirs of acidic rocks. Currently, there are many authors’ seismic data processing techniques, mainly 3D seismic surveys, all of them need to be tested.
Keywords: seismic survey CDP-3D; interpretation; correlation; Pre-Jurassic deposits; productive layers; dynamic analysis; seismic attributes; seismic "image".
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UDC 551.86:551.468:551.763.12 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-31-36
ABOUT INCLINED OIL-WATER CONTACTS OF THE UPPER
JURAIC OIL POOLS
Elena Vladimirovna Panina, Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Laminskiy, Vladimir Filippovich Grishkevich, Dr. of geol.-mineral. sci., Nataliya Yur’yevna Moskalenko, Svetlana Vladimirovna Lagutina, Viktor Egorovich Kasatkin, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci., Anna Viktorovna Blinkova
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143a, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: PaninaEV@tmn.lukoil.com, LaminskiiDA@tmn.lukoil.com, GrishkevichVF@tmn.lukoil.com, MoskalenkoNY@tmn.lukoil.com, LagutinaSV@tmn.lukoil.com, KasatkinVE@tmn.lukoil.com, BlinkovaAV@tmn.lukoil.com
Nikolay Valer’yevich Belov, Aliya Il’gizovna Samatova
LLC "LUKOIL–West Siberia" 20, Pribaltijskaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628486, Russian Federation, e-mail: Nikolay.Belov2@lukoil.com, Aliya.Samatova@lukoil.com
Geological-geophysical information, obtained at the Vatiegan field, such as core data, test results field-geophysical studies, wells work for each perforation interval separately, was comprehensively analyzed. It resulted in developing an oil pool’s geological model of YuV1 productive formation. To build the oil-water contact (OWC) surface, wells with "accurate" saturation determination were initially used, in which there is a core in ultraviolet light (UV), where oil-saturated and water-bearing reservoirs are confidently separated. The inclined oil-water contact is reliably established.
Keywords: oil-water contact (OWC); formation; transition zone; critical water saturation; the Verkhnevasyugan sequence.
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UDC 553.98(571.1):550.8.072 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-37-45
RESULTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE
PROGRAM FOR ADDITIONAL STUDYING OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF OIL- AND
GAS-CONDENSATE
Mikhail Vasilevich Kropotov, Vera Anatolyevna Zykova, Aleksey Mikhailovich Devyatkov, Nadezhda Petrovna Kosoreva, Evgeny Alexandrovich Zakomaldin
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 41, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: KropotovMV@tmn.lukoil.com, ZykovaVA@tmn.lukoil.com
The paper describes the stages of a comprehensive program for additional studying of the PK formations of Pyakyakhinskoye field deposits based on the interpretation of 3D seismic survey operations (SSO), using advanced developments in the field of geophysical studies of wells (GIS), analysis of test results, analysis of cuttings while drilling and testing the formation in an open borehole. The changes in the geological model as a result of the measures taken are presented. The degree of knowledge of the PK formations study is assessed.
Keywords: oil; gas; fringe; gas cap; the Aptian stage; PK formations.
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UDC 550.8.072 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-46-54
GEOLOGICAL MODELING OF
THE UREVSKOYE FIELD’S ACHIMOVSKY STRATA
Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Brandt, Svetlana Sergeevna Dolmatova, Pavel Alexandrovich Boronin, Svetlana Vladimirovna Lagutina, Vladimir Filippovich Grishkevich, Dr. of geol.-mineral. sci., Victor Egorovich Kasatkin, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci.
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143à, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: BrandtEV@tmn.lukoil.com, DolmatovaSS@tmn.lukoil.com, BoroninPA@tmn.lukoil.com, LagutinaSV@tmn.lukoil.com, GrishkevichVF@tmn.lukoil.com, KasatkinVE@tmn.lukoil.com
A geological model of the Urevskoye field’s Achimovsky deposits in Bazhenov formation abnormal zone was developed with account of the conceptual modeling and 3D seismic sections referenced layers correlation. The reservoir properties of Achimovsky productive strata and sandy penetrating bodies, that split bazhenites, have been analyzed. As a result, the stratigraphic reference of well’s productive intervals to evaluated objects has been clarified.
Keywords: geological modeling; Achimovsky strata; Bazhenov formation abnormal zone.
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UDC 622.276.1/.4.001.57 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-55-60
STRATEGY FOR A JURASSIC OBJECT COMMISSIONING
USING
Sergey Viktorovich Semenov, Aleksey Yur’yevich Sentsov, Vladimir Vital’yevich Reimer, Olga Borisovna Pankova, Evgeniya Igorevna Ovchinnikova, Aleksandr Nikolayevich Mel’nikov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 41, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: SemenovSV@tmn.lukoil.com, SentsovAY@tmn.lukoil.com, ReimerVV@tmn.lukoil.com, PankovaOB@tmn.lukoil.com, OvchinnikovaEI@tmn.lukoil.com, MelnikovAN@tmn.lukoil.com
Aleksandr Sergeyevich Moroz
TPP "Langepasneftegaz" LLC "LUKOIL–Western Siberia" 43, Lenina str., Langepas, Tumen region, 628672, Russian Federation, e-mail: Aleksandr.Moroz@lukoil.com
Radmir Rufovich Yunusov
LLC "LUKOIL–West Siberia" 20, Pribalijskaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628486, Russian Federation, e-mail: Radmir.Unusov@lukoil.com
At the moment, the vast majority of fields in the Western Siberia are at the final stage of development. The left well stock planned for drilling is usually located in the marginal zones characterized by low residual reserves. The authors of this paper consider an approach based on the use of probabilistic modeling in order to form a development option that allows optimization of the wells drilling sequence and is the most resistant to possible geological and technological risks.
Keywords: probabilistic approach; variable models; minimization of risks; optimal development system; development strategy.
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UDC 550.834.072 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-61-69
EXPERIENCE OF PETRO-ELASTIC MODELING APPLICATION
WHEN DEVELOPING SEISMOGEOLOGICAL MODELS OF RESERVOIRS WITH A COMPLEX
Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Cherepanov1,2, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci., Anastasiya Mikhaylovna Spirina1
1LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143a, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: CherepanovEA@tmn.lukoil.com, SpirinaAM@tmn.lukoil.com
2Tyumen Industrial University 38, Volodarsky str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation
The paper, using petro-elastic modeling, specifies the stratigraphic boundaries of the Pre-Jurassic deposits of the Potanai-Kartop’inskoe field in the cube of a 3D seismic survey. This made it possible to increase the likelihood of predicting the development zones of improved reservoirs, as well as to adjust the window interval for performing seismic inversion.
Keywords: petro-elastic modeling; Pre-Jurassic deposits; weathering crust; stratigraphic breakdowns.
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UDC 550.834.05 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-70-73
COMPLEXION OF SEISMOGEOLOGICAL METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING DETRITAL UNDERWATER PALEOCONES IN THE ACHIMOV STRATUM (LATITUDINAL PRE-OB) (p. 70)
Alexander Viktorovich Lyalin, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci., Olga Evgenievna Lyalina, Inna Nikolaevna Abdurakhmanova, Muradkhan Abdinovich Sultanov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 40, Shirokaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628483, Russian Federation, e-mail: LyalinA@tmn.lukoil.com, Lyalinaoe@tmn.lukoil.com, Abdurakhmanovainna@lukoil.com, Sultanovma@lukoil.com
The paper presents information about the studies of the internal structure of the Achimov stratum, depending on seismic data. With the help of the dynamic analysis, the seismic-stratigraphic aspects of identifying the wave pattern, comparable with the geological facies of underwater detrital paleo-cones and paleo-slides, have been studied and analyzed.
Keywords: seismic exploration; CDP-3D; dynamic analysis; layers; seismic stratigraphy; underwater detrital paleo-cones; paleo-porous-vuggy reservoir rock (PVRR).
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UDC 550.834.52 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-74-79
STANDARDIZATION OF APPROACHES TO INTERPRETATION WHEN SUPPORTING PROCESSING ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SOUTH-KOCHEVSKY CUBE 3D (100 KM2) (p. 74)
Dmitriy Viktorovich Aleksandrov, Sergey Viktorovich Lavrenov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 41, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: AleksandrovDV@tmn.lukoil.com, LavrenovSV@tmn.lukoil.com
The use of methodological approaches for the analysis and maintenance of processing stages is often not standardized, variations of the methodologies used from volume to volume may differ and depend on the experience accumulated in the structural unit. The paper presents some approaches to the standardization of typical solutions for interpretive support of processing, which is called the "Well Driven Seismic" method in foreign companies. The applied methodological solutions allow monitoring at the earliest stages of seismic data processing. The result is the processed seismic data, which is maximally suitable for the geological task.
Keywords: CDP 3D; seismogram; interpretation processing; well; binding; attribute; reflective horizon; quality control.
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UDC 553.98.061.17 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-80-86
PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE EARLY CRETACEOUS
PYAKYAKHINO-KHALMERPAYUTINSKY
Yuri Vladimirovich Titov, Sergey Vasilievich Astarkin, Kirill Viktorovich Pavlenko, Gulnaz Maratovna Galimova, Olga Vladimirovna Kozakova
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 19/18, Tsentralnaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628483, Russian Federation, e-mail: TitovYV@tmn.lukoil.com, AstarkinSV@tmn.lukoil.com, PavlenkoKV@tmn.lukoil.com, GalimovaGM@tmn.lukoil.com, KozakovaOV@tmn.lukoil.com
The Pyakhyakhino-Khalmerpayutinsky swell, located in the Tazovsky region of the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous territory, is a highly promising area for prospecting for oil, gas and gas condensate. However, the Lower Cretaceous deposits, characterized by high oil and gas potential, still remain poorly studied. The paper describes the chemical composition of terrigenous rocks within the Pyakyakhino-Khalmerpayutinsky swell. It was revealed that the rocks belong to greywackes, litites and arkoses. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the geochemical data, it has been established that the main sources of clastic material were magmatic formations of predominantly acid composition. The paleo-basin of the Pyakyakhino-Khalmerpayutinsky swell was a freshened shallow water body located in close proximity to the coastline. Sedimentation during the Early Cretaceous time occurred at different distances from the sources of drift.
Keywords: Pyakyakhino-Khalmerpayutinsky swell; Lower Cretaceous age; terrigenous rocks; petro-genic oxides; small elements; rare earth elements; sources of demolition.
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UDC 622.276.43 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-87-92
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF THE SYMORYAKHSKY
FIELD DEVELOPMENT
Vitaliy Viktorovich Yudchits, Rodion Evgen’yevich Litovar, Aleksey Yur’yevich Sentsov, Vitaliy Sergeyevich Druchin, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci.
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143a, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: YudchitsVV@tmn.lukoil.com, LitovarRE@tmn.lukoil.com, SentsovAY@tmn.lukoil.com, DruchinVS@tmn.lukoil.com
Radmir Rufovich Yunusov, Mikhail Viktorovich Nazarov
LLC "LUKOIL–West Siberia" 20, Pribalijskaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628486, Russian Federation, e-mail: Radmir.Unusov@lukoil.com, Mikhail.Nazarov@lukoil.com
The productivity of Middle Jurassic strata (Tyumen Formation) is established for 23 fields belonging to the Territorial Production Complex (TPC) “Uraineftegas”. They contain more than 34 % of the initial recoverable reserves. These predominantly continental deposits have a complex geological structure. They are significantly heterogeneous along the lithological cross-section, their thickness varies laterally, and reservoir properties are low. In today economic environment, successful development of Tyumen Formation requires constant exploration and implementation of new technologies in order to compensate for low reservoir properties and to increase oil production. One of the examples of such technologies successful implementation at Symoryakhskoye field is multi-lateral wells drilling with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing.
Keywords: complex design wells; multi-lateral wells; horizontal wells; multi-lateral wells with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing.
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UDC 622.244.442 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-93-99
RESEARCH OF THE INFLUENCE OF DRILLING FLUIDS
MINERALIZATION
Daniyar Lyabipovich Bakirov, Cand. of tech. sci.
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143a, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: BakirovDL@tmn.lukoil.com
Victoria Alexandrovna Zholudeva, Cand. of geol.-mineral. sci.
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 19, Tsentralnaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628483, Russian Federation, e-mail: ZholudevaVA@tmn.lukoil.com
Vitaly Viktorovich Kolpakov
LLC "Gazpromneft" NTTs 14, 50 years of October str., Tyumen, 625048, Russian Federation, e-mail: Kolpakov.VV@gazpromneft-ntc.ru
Eduard Valerievich Babushkin, Cand. of tech. sci., Marsel Masalimovich Fattakhov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143a, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: BabushkinEV@tmn.lukoil.com, Fattahovmm@tmn.lukoil.com
Vladimir Gennadievich Vaulin
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 106, Melnikaite str., Tyumen, 625026, Russian Federation, e-mail: VaulinVG@tmn.lukoil.com
Ildar Raushanovich Rakhmatullin, Cand. of phys.-math. sci., Artur Akhatovich Kunakasov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 19, Tsentralnaya str., Kogalym, Tumen region, 628483, Russian Federation, e-mail: RahmatullinIR@tmn.lukoil.com, KunakasovAA@tmn.lukoil.com
The effect of the drilling mud salinity on the reservoir properties of zeolite-containing rocks has been researched. Based on the results of a comprehensive interpretation of special filtration and lithological studies, differences in the interaction of mineralized and fresh drilling fluids on the cement of zeolite-containing rocks were revealed.
Keywords: permeability; porosity; fresh and saline drilling fluids; zeolites; clay minerals.
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UDC 622.276.031.011.43 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-100-104
THE RESULTS OF THE CORRELATION UPDATE OF THE AB FORMATIONS
GROUP
Vladimir Anatol’yevich Barakin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Dotsenko, Vitaliy Sergeyevich Druchin, Evgeniya Igorevna Ovchinnikova, Stanislav Fedorovich Panov, Sergey Viktorovich Semenov, Aleksey Yur’yevich Sentsov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143a, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: BarakinVA@tmn.lukoil.com, DocenkoAS@tmn.lukoil.com, DruchinVS@tmn.lukoil.com, OvchinnikovaEI@tmn.lukoil.com, PanovSF@tmn.lukoil.com, SemenovSV@tmn.lukoil.com, SentsovAY@tmn.lukoil.com
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kalugin
LLC "LUKOIL–Engineering" buil. 1, 3, Pokrovsky Boulevard, Moscow, 109028, Russian Federation, e-mail: KaluginAA@lukoil.com
The high depletion of the main objects of the Urievskoye field requires paying attention to the intervals that are poorly involved in development. When performing an industrial recalculation of the Urievskoye field reserves, while linking the indexing of AB group productive formations with the neighboring territories, there emerged a problem of dividing AB13 and AB2 formations which have different reservoir properties. As a result of the correlation revision, in addition to linking the boundaries of the Urievskoye field formations with neighboring areas, it became possible to localize the AB13 formation productive zones, which significantly differs in its facies features from the underlying the AB2 formation. The results of the geological structure update will form the basis for choosing the approaches for the residual reserves recovery when the AB13 formation of the Urievskoye field is separated into a separate development object.
Keywords: oil; formation; AB13; AB2; facies; correlation; geological model; filtration properties.
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UDC 622.276.031:53 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-105-108
COMPARISON OF THE FORMATION RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
BY THE DATA OF STUDYING
Eduard Fuatovich Gilfanov
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 41, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: GilfanovEF@tmn.lukoil.com
The joint use of the results, obtained during the test data processing of the pressure drop curve (PDC) and the pressure recovery curve (PRC) during hydraulic fracturing of a formation (HFF) is considered. A model of permeability distribution along the filter area of the horizontal section of the wellbore is obtained. On the basis of bi-logarithmic plots, fracture breakthroughs into the nearby water-bearing strata located above or below are determined.
Keywords: multi-stage hydraulic fracturing of a formation; Nolte function (G-function); pressure recovery curve (PRC); pressure drop curve (PDC); reservoir pressure; permeability coefficient.
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UDC 622.276.432:622.276.66 DOI: 10.30713/2413-5011-2020-9(345)-109-112
FORMATION OF A HYDRAULIC FRACTURE BY A HIGH-VISCOUS GEL (p. 109)
Aleksey Sergeyevich Shlyapkin
LUKOIL–Engineering Limited KogalymNIPIneft Branch Office in Tyumen 143à, Respublika str., Tyumen, 625000, Russian Federation, e-mail: ShlyapkinAS@tmn.lukoil.com
Aleksey Viktorovich Tatosov, Dr. of phys.-math. sci., Professor
Tyumen State University 6, Volodarskogo str., Tyumen, 625003, Russian Federation, e-mail: atatosov@utmn.ru
Hydraulic fracturing of a formation (HFF) is currently one of the most commonly used stimulation methods to intensify operation of oil and gas wells. Every year there is an increase in the volume of hydraulic fracturing operations, the requirements for the process of preparing and carrying out measures to ensure the efficiency of the work raise. One of the important tools for the high-quality design of hydraulic fracturing parameters is a hydraulic fracturing simulator – a software product based on the work of mathematical functions that take into account the geological and physical characteristics of the development object, technical and technological parameters of the formation stimulation processes. There is a significant range of software products of foreign and Russian production used for developing of hydraulic fracturing designs. Hydraulic Fracturing simulators are based on complex mathematical models. The paper studies processes of a formation hydraulic fracturing, describes the calculation processes using a one-dimensional mathematical model for the subsequent rapid assessment of the geometric parameters of a hydraulic fracture in order to be able to design the optimal parameters of hydraulic fractures to maximize productivity, prevent negative aftereffects (risks of breakthrough into off-target intervals, technological complications, etc.). The paper highlights the results of a computational experiment carried out using a one-dimensional model of hydraulic fracturing in the Perkins – Kern – Norgen representation. The calculation is performed using dimensional values. In contrast to the previously published works of the authors, the presented model considers the process of formation of a hydraulic fracture in a rock with low filtration characteristics. The use of a high-viscous gel in the calculation determines a high bearing capacity, the deposition in the framework of the given computational experiment is considered insignificant. The dependence of the average width and shape of the fracture on the change in the viscosity of the fracturing fluid while maintaining the injection parameters has been established. Significant changes are noted in the behavior of the "tip" of the fracture when a more viscous gel is injected, which is associated with an increase in the concentration of particles in this area. The results obtained can be used in engineering practice to study the process of hydraulic fracture formation when using proppant as a propping agent.
Keywords: viscous gel; hydraulic fracture; proppant; mathematical model; fixed fracture.
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